M2QA0.37-2P M2QA0.55-2P M2QA0.75-2P M2QA1.1-2P
M2QA1.5-2P M2QA2.2-2P M2QA3-2P M2QA4-2P
M2QA5.5-2P M2QA7.5-2P M2QA11-2P M2QA15-2P
M2QA18.5-2P M2QA22-2P M2QA30-2P M2QA37-2P
M2QA45-2P M2QA55-2P M2QA75-2P M2QA90-2P
M2QA110-2P M2QA132-2P M2QA160-2P M2QA200-2P
M2QA250-2P M2QA315-2P M2QA0.25-4P M2QA0.37-4P
M2QA0.55-4P M2QA0.75-4P M2QA1.1-4P M2QA1.5-4P
M2QA2.2-4P M2QA3-4P M2QA4-4P M2QA5.5-4P M2QA7.5-4P
M2QA11-4P M2QA15-4P M2QA18.5-4P M2QA22-4P
M2QA30-4P M2QA37-4P M2QA45-4P M2QA55-4P M2QA75-4P
M2QA90-4P M2QA110-4P M2QA132-4P M2QA160-4P
M2QA200-4P M2QA250-4P M2QA315-4P M2QA0.18-6P
M2QA0.25-6P M2QA0.37-6P M2QA0.55-6P
M2QA0.75-6P M2QA1.1-6P M2QA1.5-6P M2QA2.2-6P
M2QA3-6P M2QA4-6P M2QA5.5-6P M2QA7.5-6P
M2QA11-6P M2QA15-6P M2QA18.5-6P M2QA22-6P
M2QA30-6P M2QA37-6P M2QA45-6P M2QA55-6P
M2QA75-6P M2QA90-6P M2QA110-6P M2QA132-6P
M2QA160-6P M2QA200-6P M2QA250-6P
M2QA0.18-8P M2QA0.25-8P M2QA0.37-8P M2QA0.55-8P
M2QA0.75-8P M2QA1.1-8P M2QA1.5-8P M2QA2.2-8P
M2QA3-8P M2QA4-8P M2QA5.5-8P M2QA7.5-8P
M2QA11-8P M2QA15-8P M2QA18.5-8P M2QA22-8P
M2QA30-8P M2QA37-8P M2QA45-8P M2QA55-8P
M2QA75-8P M2QA90-8P M2QA110-8P M2QA132-8P
M2QA160-8P M2QA200-8P
M2QA71M2A M2QA71M2B M2QA80M2A M2QA80M2B
M2QA90S2A M2QA90L2A M2QA100L2A M2QA112M2A
M2QA132S2B M2QA160M2A M2QA160M2B M2QA160L2A
M2QA160L2B M2QA180M2A M2QA200L2A M2QA200L2B
M2QA225M2A M2QA250M2A M2QA280S2A M2QA280M2A
M2QA315S2A M2QA315M2A M2QA315L2A M2QA315L2B
M2QA355M2A M2QA355L2A
M2QA71M4A M2QA71M4B M2QA80M4A M2QA80M4B
M2QA90S4A M2QA90L4A M2QA100L4A M2QA112M4A
M2QA132S4B M2QA160M4A M2QA160M4B
M2QA160L4A
M2QA160L4B M2QA180M4A M2QA200L4A M2QA200L4B
M2QA225M4A M2QA250M4A M2QA280S4A M2QA280M4A
M2QA315S4A M2QA315M4A M2QA315L4A M2QA315L4B
M2QA71M6A M2QA71M6B M2QA80M6A M2QA80M6B
M2QA90S6A M2QA90L6A M2QA100L6A M2QA112M6A
M2QA132S6B M2QA160M6A M2QA160M6B M2QA160L6A
M2QA160L6B M2QA180M6A M2QA200L6A M2QA200L6B
M2QA225M6A M2QA250M6A M2QA280S6A M2QA280M6A
M2QA315S6A M2QA315M6A M2QA315L6A M2QA315L6B
M2QA355M6A M2QA355L6A
M2QA71M8A M2QA71M8B M2QA80M8A M2QA80M8B
M2QA90S8A M2QA90L8A M2QA100L8A M2QA112M8A
M2QA132S8B M2QA160M8A M2QA160M8B M2QA160L8A
M2QA160L8B M2QA180M8A M2QA200L8A M2QA200L8B
M2QA225M8A M2QA250M8A M2QA280S8A M2QA280M8A
M2QA315S8A M2QA315M8A M2QA315L8A M2QA315L8B
M2QA355M8A M2QA355L8A
Usoro M2QA mmiri nke nwere usoro asynchronous nke atọ bụ ọgbọ ọhụụ kachasị ọhụrụ na ABB Motor Company's M2000 series. A na-eji Shell dị n'èzí mee ihe nkedo iji zere mmebi nke abụọ. Mgbe imewe pụrụ iche na imepụta, na arụmọrụ dị elu, na-amalite torque na uru ndị ọzọ, kwesịrị ekwesị maka ụdị ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla, dị ka: Nfuli, ndị fan, ndị na-ekewapụ, igwe hydraulic, akụrụngwa inyeaka yana ihe ndị ọzọ chọrọ. Ezubere ụgbọ ala ahụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na GB755 "ntụgharị ntụgharị arụmọrụ na arụmọrụ" yana ZC "koodu maka iwu nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị n'okporo mmiri", ndị Bureaulọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka hipgbọ Mmiri Ọchịchị kwadoro ya, wee nweta ụdị nhazi nke China. akwụkwọ nkwado. N'otu oge kwekọrọ na ABS, BV, DNV, GL, IEC, KR, LR, NK na ụkpụrụ mba ndị ọzọ na nkọwapụta nkewa ndị metụtara obodo.
1. The moto kwekọrọ na-eso Standards International Electrotechnical Commission IEC34, IEC72 Australian Standard AS1359-2 British Standard BS4999-5000 German Standard Din42673 kwekọrọ na European Community "OA" akara rịọrọ na moto kwekọrọ na GB755 (idt IEC 60034-1, GB10069 Neq IEC 60034-9, Q / JBQS282, elu moto arụmọrụ ala mkpọtụ, ala vibration, site na kachasị imewe na nka mma, na M2QA-H usoro moto na mkpọtụ, vibration belatara nke ukwuu ma nweta mba dị elu larịị. Ọkwa nchedo arụmọrụ dị elu, ọkwa nchedo nke ọkọlọtọ IP55, dịka ihe ndị ahịa chọrọ iji nye ọkwa nchekwa dị elu.Ọ dabara maka oke ọkụ. Enwere ike iji moto rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ma nwee ike ijide ọrụ onye ọrụ ya.Ọkara mkpuchi mkpuchi abawanyela ma ọrụ ndụ nke moto ahụ na-aga n'ihu. d. The Standard Motor adopts na F ọkwa mkpuchi Ọdịdị, si otú ahụ ndụ ọrụ nke moto na ntụkwasị obi nke moto na-amụba. Ọdịmma dị elu, moto ahụ na-eji njikarịcha njikarịcha, nwere arụmọrụ dị elu, nwere ike mepụta mmetụta nchekwa nchekwa dị ịrịba ama. 3, nnyefe moto nwere ike ịbụ belt pole, spur gia ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe njikọ mbanye. 4. A na-ese elu nke windings na akụkụ ígwè nke moto ahụ ma mesoo ya dị ka ihe ndị chọrọ nke hygrothermal moto. The Motor nwere ezigbo arụmọrụ nke mmiri-àmà, ebu-àmà na nnu-foogu-àmà mgbe pụrụ iche sere na ọgwụgwọ. Ọnọdụ ọrụ: Altitude 0M annulus okpomọkụ na-25 ° c-50 ° C ikuku iru mmiri: ọ bụghị ihe karịrị 95% odide: MALAL MIST: Mmanụ Mist: Mold: IMPACT: Omume ọma: 22.5 degrees nke tilt: voltaji, ugboro na ọnọdụ nke arụ ọrụ 380V (50HZ) 440V (60HZ) mode nke ọrụ: Na-aga n'ihu (S1) biarin: NSK biarin, Japan, ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ chọrọ voltage ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ, enwere ike weta ya dịka ihe ndị a chọrọ.
Mkpụrụ igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ezo aka na moto nke na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na 100% gosiri ibu n'ime oke nke 10% ~ 100% gosiri ọsọ, na ọnọdụ ịrị elu anaghị agabiga uru nke ikike moto ahụ.
Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ nke ike eletriki na ngwaọrụ ndị ọhụrụ, a na-emeziwanye nkà na ụzụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ntụgharị ya na usoro mmepụta ya dị mma, arụmọrụ dị mma na igwe ac. Ọmụmaatụ: nchara eji maka ịgbagharị nnukwu moto na ọkara na obere igwe eletriki, ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agagharị na moto traction, igwe mbuli, akụrụngwa na-ebuli ngwa ngwa na mbuli moto, mgbapụta mmiri na fan na moto, compressor, ngwa ụlọ, ga-eji ac agbanwe ọsọ ọsọ na-achịkwa moto, wee nweta nsonaazụ dị mma [1]. Ojiji nke ac agbanwe agbanwe ọsọ na-achịkwa moto nwere uru doro anya karịa dc ọsọ na-achịkwa moto:
(1) mfe ọsọ iwu, na ume ịzọpụta.
(2) ac moto dị mfe ihe owuwu, obere nha, obere inertia, ụgwọ dị ala, mmezi dị mfe, na-adịgide adịgide.
(3) ikike nwere ike ịgbasa iji nweta nnukwu ọsọ na nnukwu voltaji ọrụ.
(4) nro mmalite na ngwa ngwa braking nwere ike ọfiọk.
(5) enweghị ọkụ, mgbawa na-agba akaebe, ime mgbanwe siri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi. [1]
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ngwa ngwa na-agbanwe ọsọ ọsọ na-agbatị ngwa ngwa na-eto eto na mmụba kwa afọ nke 13% -16%, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ draịva na-achịkwa ọsọ. N'ihi na ụgbọ ala asynchronous a na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile na ike ọkụ ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere oke njedebe mgbe etinyere ya na usoro nhazi usoro ọsọ ọsọ, ọnụọgụ pụrụ iche na-agbanwe agbanwe ac nke emepụtara dịka oge eji eme ihe yana ihe achọrọ dị mepụtara na mba ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere moto maka obere mkpọtụ na obere mkpọtụ, motọ iji meziwanye njirimara torque dị ala, motọ maka oke ọsọ, motọ nwere igwe na -emepụta ngwa ngwa na injin na-achịkwa vector, wdg. [1].
Nhazi ụkpụrụ iwu
Mgbe ọnụego a gbanwere ntakịrị, ọsọ ahụ dabara na oge, enwere ike ịhụ na ịgbanwe ike ike nwere ike ịgbanwe ọsọ nke moto asynchronous. Na nhazi usoro ọsọ ọsọ, olile anya na isi mmiri magnet na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụrụ na isi mmiri magnetik buru ibu karịa magnet na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla, a na-ekpuchi ikuku magnet na mkpuchi na-abawanye ma ihe ike na-ebelata. Ọ bụrụ na nnukwu ndọta magnet na-erughị nke magnetik na arụ ọrụ nkịtị, ọnụọgụ moto na-ebelata [1].
Onye editọ usoro mmepe
A na-ejikarị usoro ntụgharị ntụgharị moto ugbu a na-ejikarị usoro nchịkwa V / F, usoro njikwa ntụgharị a na-eji usoro dị mfe, mmepụta ọnụ ala. Nke a na usoro ọtụtụ-eji ndị ofufe na ndị ọzọ buru ibu na n'ihi na ike arụmọrụ nke usoro bụghị nnọọ elu chọrọ. Nke a na usoro bụ a na-ahụkarị oghe-akaghị akara usoro, nke nwere ike izute chọrọ nke ezigbo ọsọ nke kasị Motors, ma n'ihi na ike na static arụmọrụ na-ejedebeghị, ike-etinyere ka ike na static arụmọrụ chọrọ ndị ọzọ siri ike. Iji nweta elu arụmọrụ nke ike na static ụkpụrụ, anyị nwere ike na-eji na-emechi akaghị akara usoro iji nweta. Yabụ ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ebute njikwa akara ngosi ọsọ ọsọ nke usoro ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ, ụzọ a nke ọsọ ọsọ iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu na ọsọ ọsọ, mana usoro a na-etinye na ọsọ ọsọ na-adịghị nwayọ, n'ihi na mgbe ọsọ ahụ nke moto dị elu, usoro ahụ agaghị emezu nzube nke ịchekwa ọkụ eletrik, nwekwara ike ime ka moto ahụ ghara ịdị ugbu a nke ukwuu, na-eme ka ọgba aghara ahụ gbanwee n'otu ntabi anya. Ya mere, iji nweta nnukwu ike na arụmọrụ arụmọrụ na nnukwu ọsọ, naanị iji dozie nsogbu nke oge na-adịghị agafe agafe nke moto ahụ na-eme, naanị iji dozie nsogbu a n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya, anyị nwere ike ịmepụta teknụzụ ugboro ugboro na-azọpụta ike. [2]
Main atụmatụ editọ
Mgbanwe ntụgharị pụrụ iche nke ikuku ahụ nwere njirimara ndị a:
B klas okpomọkụ ịrị elu imewe, F klas mkpuchi n'ichepụta. Ojiji nke ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi polymer na usoro imepụta ihe na-agba agba na ojiji nke mkpuchi mkpuchi pụrụ iche, nke mere na eletriki eletriki eletrik na-eguzogide ma na-arụ ọrụ ike dịwanye mma, iji ruo eruo maka ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na iguzogide ntụgharị ugboro ugboro. mmetụ dị elu na-adị ugbu a na mbibi volta na mkpuchi.
Ọdịdị dị elu dị elu, ọkwa vibration maka klas R (ọkwa mbelata vibration) nhazi ngwa igwe dị oke nkenke, na ojiji nke pụrụ iche dị elu, nwere ike ịgba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ.
Mgbapu mmanye na sistemụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ndị niile na-ebubata axial fan ultra-jụụ, ndụ dị elu, ifufe siri ike. Gbaa mbọ hụ na moto ahụ na ọsọ ọ bụla, nweta mgbasa ọkụ dị irè, nwere ike nweta arụmọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ obere ọsọ ogologo oge.
YP usoro moto nke AMCAD software mebere nwere oke usoro ọsọ na ogo dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe ntụgharị ntụgharị ọdịnala. Na dịgasị iche iche nke mgbe nile torque na ike ọsọ ọsọ ụkpụrụ e ji mara, ọsọ ụkpụrụ bụ ike, ọ dịghị torque ripple.
Ọ nwere ezigbo oke nha na ụdị ntụgharị ntụgharị ọ bụla, ma nwee ike ịghọta ọsọ ọsọ zuru oke, obere iyi nnukwu iyi, njikwa njikwa ọsọ ọsọ, njikwa ọnọdụ yana njikwa nzagha ngwa ngwa. YP usoro agbanwe ugboro pụrụ iche moto pụrụ iji kwadebe breeki, encoder ọkọnọ, otú ahụ nwere ike inwe ezi nkwụsị, na site na ọsọ mechiri emechi-akaghị akara iji nweta oke nkenke ọsọ akara.
The kpọmkwem akara nke super low ọsọ stepless ọsọ ụkpụrụ na-ghọtara site na iji "reducer + inverter pụrụ iche moto + encoder + inverter". YP usoro ntụgharị ntụgharị pụrụ iche nke pụrụ iche nwere ezigbo ihu igwe, nha ntinye ya kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ IEC, ma nwee ntụgharị ya na ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ.
Mgbazi mkpuchi mkpuchi moto
Na popularization na ngwa nke ac na-agbanwe igwe na-agbanwe, ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ mgbanwe ọsọ ọsọ na-achịkwa motọ na-ata ahụhụ mbibi mkpuchi n'oge. Ọtụtụ ọrụ ntụgharị ntụgharị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ naanị afọ 1 ~ 2, ụfọdụ naanị izu ole na ole, ọbụlagodi na ọrụ nyocha nke mmebi mkpuchi mkpuchi moto, na -emekarị n'etiti mkpuchi mkpuchi, nke na-ebute isiokwu ọhụrụ maka teknụzụ mkpuchi moto. Omume egosila na nkwupụta mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi nke moto n'okpuru ike ikuku mmiri na-eme ka mmiri mepụtara n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga enweghị ike tinye ya n'ọrụ ọsọ ọsọ na-achịkwa moto. Ọ dị mkpa iji mụọ usoro mmebi nke mkpuchi nke motọ ntụgharị ugboro ugboro, guzobe ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke mkpuchi mkpuchi nke ihe eji emegharị ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ma mepụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe ntụgharị ntụgharị.
Mmebi nke eriri akpa
1.1 ele mmadụ anya n'ihu na ụgwọ ohere
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji IW T (nke a na - echepụta ụzọ) PWM (Pulse wide m odulatio n- Pulse wide modulation) iji chịkwaa igwe ac. Ike ya dị ka 0.75 ~ 500kW. Teknụzụ IGBT nwere ike inye obere oge ịrị elu nke ugbu a, oge ịrị elu ya na 20 ~ 100 s, ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na-ebute nwere oke mgbanwe dị elu, rue 20 KHZ. Mgbe etinyere ọsọ ọsọ dị elu site na ntụgharị na njedebe nke moto, a na-emegharị ebili mmiri na-egosipụta n'ihi nrụgide adabaghị n'etiti moto na eriri. Igosipụta ntụgharị uche a na-alaghachi na onye ntụgharị ma na-ebute ntụgharị ntụgharị uche ọzọ n'ihi impedance mismatch n'etiti eriri na onye ntụgharị ahụ ka etinyere ya na ọkụ eletrik mbụ, si otú a na-emepụta volta kacha elu na ọkụ ọkụ n'ihu. Voltage nke kachasị elu na-adabere na oge ịrị elu nke okirikiri ọkụkụ na ogologo nke eriri [1].
N'ozuzu, mgbe ogologo waya ahụ na-abawanye, nsọtụ abụọ nke waya ahụ na-emepụta ngwa ngwa. Njupụta nke oke ike na njedebe moto na-abawanye na ogologo nke eriri ma na-eche na ọ ga-ejupụta. Otú ọ dị, nnubiga ókè na njedebe njedebe dị obere karịa nke dị na ngwụcha moto, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onwe ya na ogologo nke eriri. Nsonaazụ gosiri na a na-emefe volta na-ebili ma na-ada n'akụkụ nke voltaji ahụ, na oscillation attenuation na-apụta. E nwere PWM abụọ dị iche iche na-akwọ ụgbọala usu waveform, otu bụ ịmafe ugboro. Ugboro ugboro ugboro nke volta kachasị elu bụ nke dabara na ngbanwe mgbanwe. Nke ọzọ bụ oge enwere ike, nke na - achịkwa ọsọ nke moto ahụ. Na mbido ugboro ugboro nke ọ bụla, ihe ọkụkụ a na - akpọ sitere na ihe dị mma ma ọ bụ site na ihe na - adịghị mma. N'oge a, a na-etinye mkpuchi mkpuchi ọkụ na volt amplitude ugboro abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n'ime igwe eletrik atọ agbasasị agbasasị agbasasị, polarity nke voltaji dị n'etiti ntụgharị abụọ dị n'akụkụ nke ụzọ dị iche iche nwere ike ịdị iche, na ịwụ elu nke voltaji zuru oke nwere ike ịbụ okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu. Dị ka ule ahụ si kwuo, ọkụ ọkụ eletrik nke PWM ntụgharị, na usoro ac nke 380 / 480v, volta volta kachasị na njedebe moto bụ 1.2 ~ 1.5kv, ebe ọ bụ na usoro ac nke 576 / 600v, elekere elekere kachasị atụ esịmde 1.6 ~ 1.8kv. O doro anya na ọpụpụ nke ihu na-adị n'etiti windings n'okpuru volt amplitude zuru ezu. N'ihi ionization, a na-akwụ ụgwọ ohere na oghere ikuku, si otú a na-eme ogige eletrik na-abụghị nke a na-etinye na mpaghara eletriki etinyere. Mgbe polarity volta gbanwere, elekere eletrik a na-agagharị n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ọkụ eletrik arụ ọrụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik dị elu dị elu, nke ga-eme ka ọnụọgụ nke ịhapụ ọtụtụ akụkụ ma mechaa mebie. Nnwale ahụ na-egosi na ujo eletrik na-eme na mkpuchi n'etiti ntụgharị ndị a dabere na arụmọrụ kpọmkwem nke waya na oge ịrị elu nke PWM draịva ugbu a. Ọ bụrụ na oge ịrị elu erughị 0.1s, a ga-agbakwunye 80% nke ikike na mbido abụọ nke winding ahụ, ya bụ, dị mkpirikpi oge ịrị elu, nnukwu ọkụ eletrik ka ukwuu, na mkpụmkpụ ndụ nke mkpuchi ihe n’agbata ntụgharị [1].
1.2 ọkara ọnwụ na kpo oku
Mgbe E gafere uru dị oke mkpa nke insulator, ọnwụ dielectric na-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Mgbe ugboro ugboro na-abawanye, nsị nke akụkụ ahụ na-abawanye, na-ebute ọkụ, nke na-eme ka nsị dị ukwuu karị, nke na-eme ka Ni na-ebili ngwa ngwa, ya bụ, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke moto ahụ na-arị elu na mkpuchi ahụ na-eto ngwa ngwa. Na mpempe, ọ bụ n'ihi na n'elu ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ihapu, dielectric kpo oku, ohere ụgwọ itinye n'ọkwa na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata akaghi aka mmebi nke akpa akara na agbanwe ugboro moto [1].
Mmebi isi mkpuchi, mgbochi mkpuchi na agba agba
Dịka e kwuru n'elu, ojiji nke ike PWM agbanwe agbanwe na-abawanye njupụta nke oscillating voltage na njedebe nke moto na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, isi mkpuchi ihe, mkpuchi ihe na agba agba nke moto ahụ na-agbasi elu ike eletriki dị elu. Dị ka ule ahụ si kwuo, n'ihi mmetụta zuru oke nke ntụgharị ntụgharị nke ntụgharị ntụgharị na-ebili oge, ogologo eriri USB na ngbanwe ugboro, voltage kacha elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'elu nwere ike karịa 3kV. Na mgbakwunye, mgbe ihapu ihu mmiri na-adị n'etiti windings nke moto ahụ, a ga-agbanwe ike eletriki nke echekwara site na kesara ikike na mkpuchi ahụ n'ime ọkụ, radieshon, igwe na ike kemikal, iji mebie usoro mkpuchi niile, belata mbibi ahụ. voltage nke mkpuchi, ma mesịa mee ka nkwụsị nke usoro mkpuchi ahụ.
